That manual compression cable looks tight, loosen up the tension up top or with the adjustment available on the head, it should have the same slack as a properly adjusted clutch cable, just a tiny bit of free play. Back to my "ideas may help" I think you may simply have liquid lock. If oil seeped out of the the top of the bolt hole, i'm guessing the entire tube where the bolt was is filled with oil. If that's the case it would stop the bolt going down and maybe worse. If you try to bolt down a threaded cavity filled with fluid that has no where to go, it can go Fukushima #4! If you have an air compressor use it to blow out any liquids. Spray aerosol carb clean or brake clean and do it again and again till it's clean. Ghetto version of this move is with Q-Tips, soak them till it's dry.
You never explained how the broken bolt came out? Needle nose pliers, finger nails..
Talk to me.